quiver – Calculus VII

Let’s admit it: it’s hard to keep track of signs when multiplying numbers. Being lazy people, mathematicians seek ways to avoid this chore. One popular way is to work in the enchanted world of $\mathbb Z_2$ , where $-1=1$ . I’ll describe another way, which is to redefine multiplication by letting the factors reach a consensus on what the sign of their product should be.

If both $a$ and $b$ are positive, let their product be positive. And if they are both negative, the product should also be negative. Finally, if the factors can’t agree on which sign they like, they compromise at 0.

In a formula, this operation can be written as $a\odot b=\frac{a|b|+|a|b}{2}$ , but who wants to see that kind of formulas? Just try using it to check that the operation is associative (which it is).

But I hear someone complaining that $\odot$ is just an arbitrary operation that does not make any sense. So I’ll reformulate it. Represent real numbers by ordered pairs $(a_+,a_-)\in [0,\infty)\times [0,\infty)$ , for example $5$ becomes $(5,0)$ and $-6$ becomes $(0,6)$ . Define multiplication component-wise. Better now? You don’t have to keep track of minus signs because there aren’t any.

This $\odot$ comes in handy when multiplying the adjancency matrices of quivers. The Wikipedia article on Quiver illustrates the concept with this picture:

But in mathematics, a quiver is a directed graph such as this one:

Recall that the adjancency matrix $A$ of a graph on vertices $\lbrace 1,2,\dots,n\rbrace$ has $A_{ij}=1$ if there is an edge between $i$ and $j$ , and $A_{ij}=0$ otherwise. For a directed graph we modify this definition by letting $A_{ij}=1$ if the arrow goes from $i$ to $j$ , and $A_{ij}=-1$ if it goes in the opposite direction. So, for the quiver shown above we get

$A=\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$

For an undirected graph the square $A^2$ counts the number of ways to get from $i$ to $j$ in exactly 2 steps (and one can replace 2 by n). To make this work for the directed graph, we represent numbers as pairs $1=(1,0)$ and $-1=(0,1)$ and carry on multiplying and adding:

$A\odot A=\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} (0,0) & (0,0) & (1,0) & (1,1) \\ (0,0) & (0,0) & (1,1) & (0,1) \\ (0,1) & (1,1) & (0,0) & (2,0) \\ (1,1) & (1,0) & (0,2) & (0,0) \end{pmatrix}$

For instance, there are two ways to get from 3 to 4 in two steps, but none in the opposite direction. This works for any powers, and also for multigraphs (with more than one edge between same vertices). Logically, this is the same as separating the adjacency matrix into its positive and negative parts, and multiplying them separately.

The last example is matrix mutation from the theory of cluster algebras. Given a (usually, integer) $m\times n$ matrix $A$ and a positive integer $k\le \min(m,n)$ , we can mutate $A$ in the direction $k$ by doing the following:

Dump nuclear waste on the $k$ th row and $k$ th column
To each non-radioactive element $a_{ij}$ add $a_{ik}\odot a_{kj}$ , that is, the $\odot$ product of the radioactive elements to which $a_{ij}$ is exposed.
Clean up by flipping the signs of all radioactive elements.

The properties of $\odot$ should make it clear that each mutation is an involution: mutating for the second time in the same direction recovers the original matrix. However, applying mutations in different directions, one can obtain a large, or even infinite, class of mutation-equivalent matrices.

Tag: quiver

Multiplication by consensus, and some arrows